EMICON-FUN！ (英語版)

Basic Facts about Inductors [Lesson 6] Why is there a direction mark on inductors?

2012-05-14T06:00:00Z

We will follow up the previous lesson on inductor reliability with an introduction to inductors and the influence of magnetic fields.

Sometimes there is a mark on inductors to distinguish direction.
Among Murata products, such marks can be found on the film-type LQP_T series, monolithic-type LQG series and some of the wire wound-type LQH inductors. If the inductor structure is not perfectly symmetric, properties will change with the mounting direction. We therefore leave a mark so that the user will know the inductor has directionality. That way, when they use the inductor, they can hope to make the fullest use of the intended properties.
Figure 1 shows examples of the rate of change in inductance value for different mounting directions.

Figure 1. Mounting direction and the rate of change of inductance value

Inductors fulfill their function by storing energy in the magnetic field. However, in addition to the magnetic energy they generate by themselves, inductors are also influenced by flux from the outside. The guaranteed inductance value of a component is the value in the absence of external flux. This means that, when you mount an inductor that is exposed to flux from its periphery, you may be unable to make full use of its intended function. A typical example of this is when two inductors are mounted extremely close together.
Figure 2 shows the change in inductance value when two inductors are mounted in parallel extremely close together.

Figure 2. Rate of change in mounting pitch and inductance value

Inductors generate flux. That flux is leaked outside (some products are made to prevent this flux from being emitted) and becomes energy loss. When two inductors are mounted extremely close together, the two fluxes leaked outside interfere with each other and the intended properties cannot be achieved.
In this way, the properties of inductors are influenced by flux leaked from outside, and may be affected by nearby components. It is therefore necessary to consider these points when selecting the components to be used and optimizing the layout.

Written by: S.T., Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

How do you estimate lifetime of components?(2012.4.27)

2012-04-27T06:19:24Z

##################################################################
            　　　　　　EMICON-FUN !
email Magazine: Have fun while learning about electronic components
                 The index of Apr.27 issue
        ---------------------------------------------
         - SPECIAL CONTENTS
         - Product News
         - Proposal for Cost Reductions
         - Application Manual
        ---------------------------------------------
Expertly written articles explain the basics of capacitors, 
inductors and EMI suppression filters. 
##################################################################  

=================================================================
                       SPECIAL CONTENTS
             Reliability of electronic components
 Chapter 2: How do you estimate lifetime of components?
=================================================================

In Chapter 1, we explained the basic concept of reliability 
and failure and various reliability test methods actually 
used in engineering. 
>From here, we will discuss accelerated tests performed 
to estimate the service life of electronic components, 
using the example of monolithic ceramic capacitors.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?-1652XXXXXXXX




=================================================================

                       Product News

=================================================================

- RF Inductor (Film Type) -
< LQP03TG_02 Series (0201 Size)>
Because Q value is equivalent to multilayer type inductor, 
this product is ideal for replacement of the multilayer.
1.Inductance value
  0.6 to 22nH [E24 step;(0.6 to 10nH)/E12 step;(12 to 22nH)]  
2.Inductance deviation
  0.6 to 3.9nH;+-0.2nH,+-0.3nH      4.3 to 22nH ;+-3%,+-5%
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?-1653XXXXXXXX


- Capacitor for wire bonding -
< GMD Series >
1. Can be mounted by wire bonding and AuSn soldering.
2. Ideal for mounting in optical communication related devices and 
   IC packages.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?-1654XXXXXXXX


=================================================================

                Proposal for Cost Reductions

=================================================================

The potential for customers' cost reduction is not only 
in the unit price of the part! 
Murata supports cost reductions at a higher level, 
such as through the reduction in the number of parts of capacitors, 
and fully utilizing the characteristics of 
ceramic capacitors to the maximum.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?-1655XXXXXXXX




=================================================================
                     Application Manual

-Power Supply Noise Suppression and Decoupling for Digital ICs-
=================================================================

This column explains the technology concerning the power 
supply noise suppression and decoupling for digital ICs.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?-1125XXXXXXXX
*PDF 4.3MB






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Reliability of electronic components (Chapter 2: How do you estimate the lifetime of components?)

2012-04-27T06:00:00Z

In Chapter 1, we explained the basic concept of reliability and failure and various reliability test methods actually used in engineering. From here, we will discuss accelerated tests performed to estimate the service life of electronic components, using the example of monolithic ceramic capacitors.

Electronic components are built into many different kinds of electronic devices. When actually used in the market, they are exposed to all types of external stress. For example, there is the physical stress of the electronic device being dropped, the thermal stress of temperature differences and the electrical stress applied when the device is powered up. These types of external stress become factors that may cause failure of electronic components during use of the product in which they are embedded. To address this, we investigate the mechanisms of external stress and failure occurrence in each type of electronic component from the design stage and use the results as feedback for reliability design of electronic components. Moreover, by assessing the relationship between the degree of external stress and the onset and probability of failure occurrence, we can build an "external stress and failure occurrence acceleration model" that lets us assess service life of electronic components more quickly.

To give a specific example of an acceleration model, I will talk about temperature and voltage acceleration aspects of service life in monolithic ceramic capacitors. In general, monolithic ceramic capacitors are made of an electrical insulator (dielectric) and are known to be extremely highly reliable even when continuously energized.

For example, the ambient temperature around the control module installed near the automobile engine room becomes very hot during use.
Figure 1 shows what happens inside ceramic material used in capacitors when energized under a high-temperature environment.

The atomic level electrical defects contained in minute quantities in ceramic material are thought to move from the anode (+) to the cathode (-).

Figure 1.(The figure is spread when you click.)

In barium titanate and other electric ceramics, a minute number of atomic level defects (called oxygen defects) are encapsulated in the crystal structure during the firing process. They gradually shift when voltage is applied externally and eventually accumulate in the vicinity of the cathode, at some point leading to breakdown of the ceramics.===SplitPage===The service life (lifetime) of monolithic ceramic capacitors is thus determined by how fast oxygen defects move through the ceramic material and the number of defects present.

The service life (lifetime) of monolithic ceramic capacitors is thus thought to be determined by how fast oxygen defects move through the ceramic material and the number of defects present, and a model has been created with ambient temperature and applied voltage during product use as parameters. The most common acceleration model uses the Arrhenius theory, but the following empirical formula can also be used as a simple method for estimation.

(The figure is spread when you click.)

From this relational expression, you can conduct accelerated tests under relatively harsh conditions (higher temperature and higher voltage) to estimate service life under the actual conditions in which the product will be used.
Let us consider a comparison between accelerated tests on monolithic ceramic capacitors and the estimated conditions of practical product usage. To do so, we will use the above formula with the endurance test time of the accelerated test on the capacitor as LA and lifetime in standard condition under the actual usage conditions as LN.

(The figure is spread when you click.)

A 1000-hour-long endurance test conducted at 85ºC with an applied voltage of 20V is estimated to be equivalent to 1,448,155 hours at 65ºC with an applied voltage of 5V. This is about 165 years! The voltage acceleration constant and temperature acceleration constant used in the formula vary with the type and structure of the ceramic material. However, we can use the acceleration model to verify the service life under certain usage conditions over the long term from the results of a relatively short test.

This is an example using monolithic ceramic capacitors, but the types of commonly used electronic components and estimated usage conditions vary widely. It is therefore important to establish an acceleration model related to the stress that affects each type of electronic component.

Written by: K. S., Murata Manufacturing

Reliability of electronic components (Chapter 1: What is a reliability test?) (2012.13.14)

2012-04-16T06:00:00Z

##################################################################
            　　　　　　EMICON-FUN !
email Magazine: Have fun while learning about electronic components
                 The index of Apr.16 issue
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         - SPECIAL CONTENTS
         - Product News
         - Examples of Replacements of Capacitor (Video)
         - EMI Filter Selection by Application
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expertly written articles explain the basics of capacitors,
inductors and EMI suppression filters.
##################################################################

=================================================================
         SPECIAL CONTENTS

         Reliability of electronic components
=================================================================
Chapter 1: What is a reliability test ?
http://www.murata.com/products/emicon_fun/2012/04/special_en16.html

=================================================================

         Product News

=================================================================
- Power Inductor (Wire Wound Type) -

1. Large rated current
    2400mA at 1.5 uH （Based on Inductance change）
    1500mA at 1.5 uH （Based on Temperature rise）
2. Magnetically shielded structure.
http://search.murata.co.jp/Ceramy/image/img/PDF/ENG/L0075S0103LQH2HP_J0.pdf

- General purpose lead type monolithic ceramic capacitor -

1. Compact and large volume capacitor, with a volume capacitance ratio (10 µF/cm3)
close to the aluminum electrolytic capacitor. The capacitor has no polarity.
2. Excellent frequency characteristics. The internal inductance is low, and can be used
sufficiently with high frequencies.
3. Unlike conventional liquid coating, the powder coating enables the manufacturing of
shapes uniformly.
4. The flame-retardant type uses a flame-retardant resin (equivalent to UL94V-0) for the
exterior.
http://psearch.murata.com/capacitor/lineup/rpe/

=================================================================
        Examples of Replacements of Capacitor (Video)
Replacing electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer capacitors or
monolithic ceramic capacitors
=================================================================
Replacement evaluation of electrolytic capacitors is demonstrated.
Extensive improvements in the characteristics and low profiles can be achieved,
by replacing electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer capacitors or monolithic
ceramic capacitors.
http://www.murata.com/products/capacitor/solution/okikae.html

=================================================================

        EMI Filter Selection by Application　 - LCD TV -

=================================================================
We introduce noise suppression filters suitable for the design of LCD-TV.
http://www.murata.com/products/emc/application/lcdtv.html

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Reliability of electronic components (Chapter 1: What is a reliability test?)

2012-04-16T06:00:00Z

■ What is reliability engineering?
What exactly is reliability engineering? Let us start here.
Reliability engineering is also called failure engineering. It is a branch of engineering that involves increasing reliability of products by assessing and analyzing how failure is caused in the product. In other words, it can be considered engineering that creates broken products.

*The difference between failure and defect
・Defective products are defective from the moment they are produced.
・Broken products were conforming products when they were produced, but became defective products over time.

Reliability engineering deals with the process during which a conforming product turns into a defective product.
There are three factors that cause failure:
(1) Latent internal causes that existed in the product from the start (predispositions)
(2) External stressors such as heat and humidity applied from the usage environment (external causes)
(3) Degradation with time　

■ What is failure?
In the preceding part, I said that, "Reliability engineering is also called failure engineering." There are actually different types of patterns of failure. The bathtub curve below is a graph that shows the correlation between failure rate and time.

During a product's lifetime, it goes through three successive periods (initial failure, chance failure, wear-out failure) that each has different causes of failure.

Failure occurs soon after starting to use the product, and the failure rate drops gradually over time. The main cause is thought to be latent defects. Improvement of the design and filtering process and screening of products are essential for preventing such products from being leaked to the market.

After the initial failure period eases, a period starts during which failure can occur by chance. These failures are usually caused by unpredictable events such as lightening and dropping the product. This means that such failure occurs at a nearly constant failure rate that is unrelated to how much time has passed. The goal is to reduce accidental defects in the production process and fluctuations in environmental stressors during use to approach a zero failure rate.

After the chance failure period has passed, the failure rate begins to rise gradually with the passage of time. This is mainly thought to be due to wear-and-tear of the product as the product reaches the end of its lifetime.

You can therefore see that there are different types of failures and that each has its own causes. For quality assurance, it is necessary to examine the factors in detail and select the best test method (reliability test).

===SplitPage===
■ What is a reliability test?
Next, I will explain reliability tests. Reliability tests are tests for predicting quality during the time a product will be used, from factory shipment to the end of mechanical lifetime in the market. The aim is to select stress factors that correlate strongly with the market environment, set the size of the stress and duration of application and accurately assess product reliability in as little time as possible.
Tests have various test items. Some tests go beyond looking at simple stressors and test the impact of multiple stressors acting simultaneously, and yet other tests have been developed to examine failure mechanisms.

The following chart shows some of the most common reliability tests used on electronic components.

These tests are performed so that only items that have been determined useable in market environments are brought to the market as a product.

To be continued...

Written by: H. U., Component Business Headquarters

Birth of the LQH and its peculiar shape(2012.3.28)

2012-03-28T06:17:09Z

##################################################################
            　　　　　　EMICON-FUN !
email Magazine: Have fun while learning about electronic components
                 The index of Mar. 28 issue
        -----------------------------------------------
         　Inductor Room
         　Product News
         　Examples of Noise Countermeasures
        　 EMI Filter Selection by Application
        -----------------------------------------------
Expertly written articles explain the basics of capacitors, 
inductors and EMI suppression filters. 
##################################################################  

=================================================================
                        Inductor Room
　　           Anecdote of inductor development: 
　　        Birth of the LQH and its peculiar shape
=================================================================

Thirty-some-odd years ago, we received our first request for full-on 
mass production of LQH wire wound chip inductors from a small 
affiliate company in Hokuriku, Japan.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?02cazat1tu




=================================================================

                        Product News

=================================================================

Power Inductor Multilayer Type

1. Rated current of 950mA (at 2.2 uH)
2. Low DC resistance
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?12cazat1tu


Solves problems in mounting Chip Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors

1. The product has high reliability against heat and 
   mechanical impact.
2. Stacking two capacitors reduces the mounting space and 
   achieves a large capacitance.
3. The unique terminal structure greatly reduces noise 
   from the ceramics on the board.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?22cazat1tu




============================================================
        
            Examples of Noise Countermeasures
           
============================================================

The acoustic noise phenomenon occurs in some cases due to 
the piezoelectric properties of ceramic. In order to solve this, 
Murata has developed a low acoustic noise capacitor!
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?32cazat1tu




============================================================
          EMI Filter Selection by Application

              　  -Digital Still Camera-
============================================================

We introduce noise suppression filters suitable for the design 
of digital cameras.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?42cazat1tu




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Anecdote of inductor development: Birth of the LQH and its peculiar shape

2012-03-28T06:00:00Z

This story is from way back. Thirty-some-odd years ago, we received our first request for full-on mass production of LQH wire wound chip inductors from a small affiliate company in Hokuriku, Japan. Today, many inductor manufacturers are producing the LQH series, but at the time, Murata was the only manufacturer to develop and produce inductors with this shape.

The archetypes of the current LQH were the first-generation 2010 size (5.0 mm × 2.5 mm) and second-generation 1210 size (3.2 mm × 2.5 mm) square-shaped wire wound chip inductor produced at the time. Normal ferrite cores in wire wound inductors were round-cut drum cores. Murata used a different strategy, developing our own unique product including our choice of material to create an inductor with a square exterior and square single-mold ferrite core. Not only that, but we eschewed the common electrode geometry that used metal frame terminals and built the electrodes directly into the ferrite core, employing our own unique method for connecting the wire wound terminal. Hence was born a chip inductor with a slightly different shape.

Interestingly, this slightly different inductor shape was its strength. From the first generation, we expanded the lineup to create a number of products that varied in size and performance, and developed it into the current LQH series. After that, Murata adopted the chip inductor design concept of "Simple is Best." At the beginning, Murata was only an emerging newcomer among inductor manufacturers. We knew that we had no chance competing with the then long, established inductor manufacturers if we made the exact same product with the exact same construction method. We trimmed off all the elements we felt were excess to make the absolutely simplest structure possible. That was the starting point of the LQH. We would often say to each other, "let's overtake those longtime manufacturers and leave them in our dust."

We later added many improvements. No, we did not continue making the exact same product for over 30 years. We periodically revised and improved the inductors to respond to customer demands and align with their applications. We produced ferrite cores with a number of different materials and shapes and developed various techniques for directly mounting electrodes. We were thus able to create many new products with new capabilities.

However, we never strayed from our basic design of a "Simple is Best" structure. If it's simple, it's easy to make. If it's simple, it's easy to mechanize. And if it's simple, it's easy to speed up. Perhaps Murata is the only company right now producing wire wound chip inductors that are "Made in Japan."

Still commonly used second-generation LQH32M
Long seller for 32 years

Basics of Noise Countermeasures [Lesson 7] LC Compound-type EMI Filters (2012.13.14)

2012-03-14T06:00:00Z

##################################################################
            　　　　　　EMICON-FUN !
email Magazine: Have fun while learning about electronic components
                 The index of Mar. 14 issue
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Noise suppression filter Room
         Product News
        Convenient functions of capacitors web site
        Design Assistance Tool "SimSurfing"
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expertly written articles explain the basics of capacitors,
inductors and EMI suppression filters.
##################################################################

=================================================================
        Noise suppression filter Room

LC Combined Type EMI Filter
=================================================================
Basics of Noise Countermeasures Lesson 7 : LC Combined Type EMI Filter
http://www.murata.com/products/emicon_fun/2012/03/emc_en14.html

=================================================================

         Product News

=================================================================

Chip Ferrite Beads
BLM_X series is designed to be low DC resistance using new materials.
BLM02AX series
http://search.murata.co.jp/Ceramy/image/img/PDF/ENG/L0110S0100BLM02AX.pdf

Resin external electrode type
1. Board resistance to bending was improved by forming a resin on the external electrodes.
2. Suppresses the occurrence of cracking by deflection stress when mounting on a board.
3. The GJ321, 31 type is for flow or reflow soldering, and while other types are for reflow soldering only.
http://psearch.murata.com/capacitor/lineup/grj/

============================================================
        Convenient functions of capacitors web site

        Do you know new useful features?
============================================================

1. Reference spec downloading
2. Reliability test data (typical values) newly added
3. Data sheet printing and saving
4. S Parameter, Netlist downloads
5. Weight of product, alone and weight of product in packaginge added as reference information
The page offers several other convenient functions and a variety of technical information. Be sure to check the product information page on our capacitor web site.
http://www.murata.com/products/emicon_fun/2012/01/cap_en30.html

===================================================================
        Recommended contents "SimSurfing"
Web-based design assistance tool, "SimSurfing," for chip MLCC, Power Inductors
and RF Inductors is available..
===================================================================

Our design assistance tool called "SimSurfing" which shows you specifications and
characteristics of our chip MLCC, Power Inductors and RF Inductors on your PC.
http://ds.murata.co.jp/software/simsurfing/en-us/

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URL : http://www.murata.com
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Basics of Noise Countermeasures [Lesson 7] LC Compound-type EMI Filters

2012-03-14T06:00:00Z

This article resumes the series from LC compound-type EMI filters.

It was previously introduced that using a combination of a capacitor and an inductor results in a steeper insertion loss curve than when using only a capacitor or an inductor. Figure 1 shows an image of these characteristics.

Figure 1. Relationship between number of filter elements and frequency response

As shown in this figure, the slope of the filter insertion loss characteristics becomes steeper as the number of filter elements increases.

A steeper filter insertion loss characteristics slope helps prevent the signal from being adversely affected when the signal and noise frequencies are near each other. Figure 2 shows an example of when the signal frequency is comparatively high and near the noise frequency. When both frequencies are close and a filter with a gentle insertion loss slope is used, selecting constants that sufficiently reduce the noise also attenuates the higher harmonic components of the signal that are near the noise frequency. As a result, the signal waveform becomes corrupted as shown in Fig. 3. Conversely, when constants that do not affect the signal frequency are selected, the noise cannot be sufficiently reduced. On the other hand, when a filter with steep insertion loss characteristics is used, the signal and noise can be selectively separated, enabling suppression of the effect on the signal. For this reason, LC compound filters are used to implement noise countermeasures while minimizing the effect on the signal waveform in high-speed signal lines.

Figure 2. Effects of different filter characteristics on the signal

Figure 3. Example of waveform corruption

===SplitPage===

There are various types of LC compound filters that combine capacitors and inductors, depending on the combination. As introduced above, increasing the number of filter elements more effectively separates the signal and noise, but even when using the same number of elements, different configurations are possible such as T-type and π-type filters. The key point in deciding which type to use is the input/output impedance of the circuit in which the filter is to be inserted. Of the elements comprising an LC compound filter, reducing the impedance between the capacitors and the ground works to let noise escape to the ground side, so the noise reduction effects can be enhanced by locating capacitors near areas with high impedance. Conversely, inductors impede the passage of noise as the impedance increases, so the noise reduction effects can be enhanced by locating inductors near areas with low impedance. In this manner, the key point when selecting an LC compound filter is whether the impedance before and after the filter is high or low. Figure 4 shows examples of these configurations.

Figure 4. Selecting the LC compound filter circuit type

As mentioned above, LC compound filters feature the ability to set steep insertion loss characteristics, so they are often used when the signal frequency is comparatively high and near the noise frequency. Previously these filters were often used for applications such as the analog RGB interfaces of computers, and use is recently increasing to remove mobile phone carrier wave and TV broadcast band noise in the interface lines of the LCD modules and camera modules used inside mobile phones. Miniaturization is an extremely important issue for mobile phones, so the LC compound filters used for these applications use multilayer technology. In addition, multiple signal lines are arranged in parallel in these locations, so array-type filters that incorporate four circuits into a single package are often used.

Figure 5. Example of multilayer LC compound-type filter structure

In addition, filters with multiple self-resonant frequencies are also provided for use in mobile phones to enable noise countermeasures that emphasize multiple frequency bands such as the 800 MHz band and the 2 GHz band.

Figure 6. Example of characteristics with multiple self-resonant frequencies

Written by: M.Y., Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

Mounting Methods for Chip Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors(2012.2.28)

2012-02-28T06:15:15Z

##################################################################
            　　　　　　EMICON-FUN !
email Magazine: Have fun while learning about electronic components
                 The index of Feb. 28 issue
      ---------------------------------------------------
         Capacitor Room
         Product News
         Examples of Replacements of Capacitor (Video)
         Design Assistance Tool "SimSurfing"
      ---------------------------------------------------
Expertly written articles explain the basics of capacitors, 
inductors and EMI suppression filters. 
##################################################################  

=================================================================
         Capacitor Room

Mounting Methods for Chip Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors
=================================================================

As the sizes of electronic devices have rapidly shrunk, 
so have the sizes of ceramic capacitors and other electronic 
components, making mounting technology all the more challenging. 
This columnexplains various aspects of mounting technology.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?02caz9o1no




=================================================================

         Product News

=================================================================

"Common Mode Choke Coil Film type"

1.Suitable common mode impedance of 60ohm(at 100MHz) 
  for high speed signal lines.
2.Designed to match line impedance.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?12caz9o1no


"3 terminal capacitor for large current"

1.3 terminal structure with low ESL realize high noise suppression effect.
2.Wide operating temperature of -55℃～+125℃ is available. 
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?22caz9o1no


"Compact and large capacitance capacitor with noise suppression"

1.A low noise material was adopted as the dielectrics. 
  Effective for noise suppression.
2.Ideal for power circuits and electronic equipment, 
  which requires noise reduction generated 
  by the piezoelectric property of ceramics.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?32caz9o1no


============================================================
        Examples of Replacements of Capacitor (Video)
            Replacing electrolytic capacitors 
        with conductive polymer capacitors or MLCC
============================================================

Replacement evaluation of electrolytic capacitors is demonstrated. 
Extensive improvements in the characteristics and low profiles 
can be achieved, by replacing electrolytic capacitors 
with conductive polymer capacitors or MLCCs.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?42caz9o1no




===================================================================
        Recommended contents "SimSurfing"
Web-based design assistance tool, "SimSurfing," 
for chip MLCC, Power Inductors and RF Inductors is available. 
===================================================================

Our design assistance tool called "SimSurfing" which shows you 
specifications and characteristics of our chip MLCC, 
Power Inductors and RF Inductors on your PC.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?52caz9o1no




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URL : http://www.murata.com
Copyright © Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
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Basics of capacitors [Lesson 6] Mounting Methods for Chip Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors

2012-02-28T06:00:00Z

This technical column describes the basic facts about capacitors.
This lesson describes the different types of ceramic capacitors.

Lesson 6: Mounting Methods for Chip Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors

As the sizes of electronic devices have rapidly shrunk, so have the sizes of ceramic capacitors and other electronic components
3216(1206)→2012(0805)→1608(0603)→1005(0402)→0603(0201)→0402(01005)* ,
making mounting technology all the more challenging.

* size (EIA)
3216(1206)：3.2mm×1.6mm/2012(0805)：2.0.mm×1.2mm/1608(0603)：1.6mm×0.8mm/
1005(0402)：1.0mm×0.5mm/0603(0201)：0.6mm×0.3mm/0402(01005)：0.4mm×0.2mm

Mounting problems appear in such modes as faulty positioning, lifting and standing of components, as illustrated in Fig. 1. One of these, the standing chip, is referred to as the "tombstone phenomenon" because of its appearance, or sometimes the "Manhattan phenomenon."

Fig. 1: Mounting problems

Following is an explanation of the mechanism of the tombstone phenomenon and key points for measures against it.

As Fig. 2 shows, the mechanism of the tombstone phenomenon is that there is an imbalance in the tension acting on the left and right electrodes of the chip during soldering, causing one side to lift up and rotate.

Fig. 2: Mechanism of the tombstone phenomenon

This imbalance of tension is affected by the left and right land surface areas, amount of solder, temperature, mounting position variance and other factors, and the key to good mounting is knowing how to minimize the causes of the imbalance.

Following are some things you need to be aware of during board design and mounting processes ("printing," "mounting," "soldering (e.g., reflow)").

1. Board design
As Fig. 3 shows, if the left and right lands (the part of the printed circuit board on which a copper foil pattern-the component-is mounted) are of different dimensions (surface area/shape), the tension acting on the left and right electrodes will differ during soldering, leading to a standing chip.
It is important to follow the recommended form and dimensions for each component and design the layout so that there is bilateral symmetry.

Fig. 3: Lands without bilateral symmetry

2. Printing
During the process of printing solder paste on a printed circuit board, if the amount of solder is uneven on the left and right, as in Fig. 4, the tension acting on the left and right electrodes will differ during soldering, leading to a standing chip.
Moreover, a greater volume of solder causes more tension to the electrodes, so trying hard to minimize solder volume and make it even on the left and right are key points in preventing standing chips.

Fig. 4: Printed solder paste

3. Mounting
When mounting components on a printed circuit board with a mounter, slightly faulty positioning is self-corrected by the surface tension when solder is melted in the reflow process.
However, if the positioning error is greater than the tolerance allows, the chip is pulled toward the solder on one of the lands on the board, leading to a standing chip. As sizes get smaller, component mounting accuracy becomes all the more critical.

4. Reflow
If the temperature of the reflow oven (which heats the solder to melt it) rises too quickly, the temperature inside the reflow oven will be unstable and there could be temperature variations among component terminals, depending on the size and density of components mounted on the board. As a result, the solder paste on different electrodes will melt differently and the tension acting on the electrodes will differ, leading to a standing chip.
The thermal capacity inside the oven can be stabilized and temperature variation mitigated by ensuring an appropriate pre-heating stage, as shown in Fig. 5. Be sure to follow the recommended reflow profile for each component.

Fig. 5: Reflow Soldering Profile

*Incorrect mounting methods can cause problems. When deciding on the mounting conditions, first do a thorough evaluation, referring to mounting precautions noted in the delivery specifications and catalog.

Written by: H.K., Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

Featured products! Case Study of Onboard Motor Noise Countermeasure with PLT10HH(2012.2.14)

2012-02-14T06:00:00Z

##################################################################
            　　　　　　EMICON-FUN !
email Magazine: Have fun while learning about electronic components

                 The index of Feb. 14 issue
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Noise suppression filter Room
            Product News
            Examples of Noise Countermeasures
            Application manual
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expertly written articles explain the basics of capacitors,
inductors and EMI suppression filters.
##################################################################

=================================================================
         Noise suppression filter Room
         Featured products!　
Case Study of Onboard Motor Noise Countermeasure with PLT10HH
=================================================================

We follow up with a case study of an onboard motor noise countermeasure with the PLT10HH.
http://www.murata.com/products/emicon_fun/2012/02/emc_en14.html

=================================================================

         Product News

=================================================================

○Power Inductor (Wire Wound Type)
Applications : For DC-DC converter　 LQH2HP_M0 Series
http://search.murata.co.jp/Ceramy/image/img/PDF/ENG/L0075S0103LQH2HP_M0.pdf

○Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors <2 & 4 element built-in type GNM series>
Ideal for reducing the mounting area and mounting costs.
1. The number of parts can be reduced.
2. Also contributes to the low profile of the set.
3. Ideal for decoupling and smoothing.
4. Reduction of environmental impact substances is possible.
(Accommodates 2 or 4 times the number of individual chips per reel.)
http://psearch.murata.com/capacitor/lineup/gnm/

============================================================

Examples of Noise Countermeasures

============================================================
The acoustic noise phenomenon occurs in some cases due to the piezoelectric properties of ceramic. In order to solve this, Murata has developed a low acoustic noise capacitor!
http://www.murata.com/products/capacitor/solution/naki.html

============================================================
Application Manual
-Power Supply Noise Suppression and Decoupling for Digital ICs-

============================================================
This column explains the technology concerning the power supply noise suppression and decoupling for digital ICs .

http://www.murata.com/products/catalog/pdf/c39e.pdf
*PDF 4.3MB

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NEXT : Feb 28, 2012
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*EMICON-FUN! is delivered twice a month.
*This email is only for the transmission of the latest issue of EMICON-FUN!
Please be aware that you can not reply to this correspondence.
You can use the "Contact Us" link below for further inquires.

https://www.murata.co.jp/en/contact/newsletter/contact.php

https://fofa.jp/murata/l.p/107/

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URL : http://www.murata.com
Copyright © Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
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Featured products! Case Study of Onboard Motor Noise Countermeasure with PLT10HH

2012-02-14T06:00:00Z

Previously, we introduced the common mode choke coil for strong electric currents. This time we follow up with a case study of an onboard motor noise countermeasure with the PLT10HH.
*An earlier article introducing the PLT10HH can be found at the following URL:
http://www.murata.com/products/emicon_fun/2011/12/emc_en14.html

Introduction
To make automobiles more energy-efficient and lightweight, an increasing number of their components have become electrically driven.. For this reason, electric motors are used not only for traditional devices like windshield wipers, but also for power steering, fuel pumps and so on. Some DC motors use brushes to rectify the current, but because such brushes are repeatedly contacting and separating from commutators, sharp fluctuations in electric current cause noise and spark noise (Fig. 2). If such noise flows through the power line to other parts, it could have an adverse effect. While it also depends on motor speed, this noise can range widely in frequency from hundreds of kHz to hundreds of MHz, making it necessary to take adequate noise countermeasures.

Fig. 1: Why there is noise in a brush motor

Figure 2 shows a model of how noise is generated in a brush motor and illustrates key points of a basic method to counter the noise. Basically, there are two kinds of noise: differential mode noise, which is conducted similarly to a power current, and common mode noise that is conducted parallel to two power lines. Effective noise countermeasures must therefore be taken for each type. The use of a capacitor is a relatively easy and inexpensive countermeasure. A countermeasure for differential mode noise uses an across-the-line capacitor (X capacitor) that connects across two power lines. A countermeasure for common mode noise uses a line-bypass capacitor (Y capacitor) that creates a connection between both lines and a chassis ground. If the capacitor alone is not sufficient to suppress noise, the addition of a common mode choke coil can effectively suppress common mode noise that is otherwise difficult to overcome, and it is possible to take measures against even often problematic high-frequency noise.

Spark noise occurring between the brush and commutator is the cause. Noise includes both normal mode and common mode noise and occurs over a wide frequency range.

(1) Taking measures inside the motor (close to the noise source) is effective.
(2) Using an X capacitor and Y capacitor together is effective against both normal mode
and common mode noise

Fig. 2: Cause of noise in brush motor and countermeasures

Example of motor noise countermeasure experiment
Figure 3 shows the results from an actual experiment with a measure against power-window motor noise.
The results show that a noise countermeasure using only capacitors (across-the-line and line-bypass capacitors) is adequately effective against frequencies lower than 10 MHz, but the effect is not sufficient against frequencies greater than 30 MHz and this measure would not pass CISPR Part 25 Class 4. When a PLT10HH common mode choke coil is added to capacitors, noises of 30 MHz and above are suppressed and CISPR Part 25 Class 4 is successfully cleared. With power line noise, the differential mode is dominant at low frequencies and the common mode at high frequencies, so a common mode choke coil that suppresses common mode noise is effective and high-frequency noises can be suppressed. Additionally, because there are strong electric currents in power lines, when a strong current is passing through a regular inductor, inductance declines because of magnetic saturation and noise is less effectively suppressed. However, with its internal structure, the common mode choke coil makes magnetic saturation unlikely to occur so the noise suppression measure tends to maintain its effectiveness. In this sense also, it is efficient to use a common mode choke coil for power lines.

Fig. 3: Example of motor noise countermeasure

The PLT10HH common mode choke coil used here supports rated currents of 6 A to a maximum of 10 A and is designed to support various motor applications in which there is a large electric current during startup. It also has a highly reliable design so it can be used in severe environments such as in automobiles. Of course it can also be used for regular electronic devices, making it suitable for countering noise in a wide range of motor power lines.

Person in charge: Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Yasuhiro Mitsuya

Convenient functions of capacitors web site!(2012.1.30)

2012-01-30T06:13:51Z

##################################################################
            　　　　　　EMICON-FUN !
email Magazine: Have fun while learning about electronic components
                 The index of Jan. 30 issue
-------------------------------------------------------------------
         Capacitor Room
         Product News
         Selection Guides for High Speed Differential Signal Line
         Design Assistance Tool "SimSurfing"
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Expertly written articles explain the basics of capacitors, 
inductors and EMI suppression filters. 
##################################################################  


=================================================================
         Capacitor Room

Convenient functions of capacitors web site!
=================================================================

Since updating our ceramic capacitors web site in 2008, 
customers have sent us many requests for various types of information.
To increase our website value to you, we have added these inquiries 
to our ceramic capacitor web site and its search system.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?02caz8t1hi




=================================================================

         Product News

=================================================================

Power Inductor (Wire Wound type)

Suitable for DC-DC converter circuit　
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?12caz8t1hi


Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors　ｆor Automotive　(Rated voltage )

1.	Capacitor for automobiles, such as power train and safety equipment.
2.	Maximum operating temperature of 125°C, 150°C.
3.	Contributes to miniaturization.
4.	Contributes to the reliability of a set.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?22caz8t1hi




============================================================
        Recommended Contents

"Selection Guides for High Speed Differential Signal Line"
============================================================

This column explains the Selection Guides for 
High Speed Differential Signal Line.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?32caz8t1hi




===================================================================
        Recommended contents "SimSurfing"
Web-based design assistance tool, "SimSurfing," for 
chip monolithic ceramic capacitors, power inductors and 
RF inductors is available. 
===================================================================

We have released a new design assistance tool called "SimSurfing"
which shows you specifications and characteristics of our
chip monolithic ceramic capacitors, power inductors and 
RF inductors on your PC.
http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?42caz8t1hi




-----------------------------------------------------------------
NEXT : Feb 14, 2012
-----------------------------------------------------------------


-----------------------------------------------------------------
*EMICON-FUN! is delivered twice a month.
*This email is only for the transmission of the latest issue of EMICON-FUN!
 Please be aware that you can not reply to this correspondence.
 You can use the "Contact Us" link below for further inquires.



http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?52caz8t1hi

http://newsletter.murata.co.jp/c.p?62caz8t1hi


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URL : http://www.murata.com
Copyright © Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Convenient functions of capacitors web site

2012-01-30T06:00:00Z

Available from the capacitor product detail page!

http://www.murata.com/products/capacitor/

Since updating our ceramic capacitors web site in 2008, customers have sent many requests of various types to Murata.
We have used these inquiries to update our ceramic capacitor web site and its search system.
Here's an introduction to the added functions, showing you the types of information available for browsing and downloading.

1. Reference spec downloading
Download product reference spec in PDF format from our product detail page.

2. Reliability test data (typical values)
Reliability data (typical values) has been posted to the capacitor top page.
*Reliability data is categorized according to size and temperature properties and can be downloaded as compressed files for each size.

3. Data sheet printing and saving
Information from the product detail page can be saved in PDF format and printed.
(P. 1: Shape, specs, reference information; P. 2: Properties data graph)

4. S Parameter, Netlist downloads
S Parameter and Netlist can be downloaded from the product detail page.

http://psearch.murata.com/capacitor/product/GRM188B11H221KA01%23.html

===SplitPage===

5. Other
•Weight of the product, and weight of product in packaging, added as reference information

http://psearch.murata.com/capacitor/product/GRM188B11H221KA01%23.html

•Function to recommend smaller products
If there is a smaller version of the searched product, the message "Smaller items available" appears to the right of the status.
(This is only displayed if the series, rated voltage and capacitance match.)
* Click to display search results for the given conditions, then select a product.

http://psearch.murata.com/capacitor/product/GRM188B11H221KA01%23.html

The page offers several other convenient functions and a variety of technical information. Be sure to check the product information page on our capacitor web site.

Person in charge　Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.　Satoru Hirano